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Determining Competencies
This piece is part of a series exploring competency-based education (CBE). This piece focuses on how programs and faculty, whether fully implementing CBE or incorporating select elements, might determine high-quality competencies to guide assessments.
Introduction to Competency-Based Education
As higher education evolves to meet the needs of today’s diverse learners, competency-based education (CBE) is gaining traction for its student-centered approach and promises of affordability and workplace preparation. According to a 2020 survey, 128 unique institutions were operating a total of 1,057 CBE programs between 2018 and 2020, and 82% of responding institutions expected CBE programs to grow further between 2020 and 2025 (American Institutes for Research [AIR], 2021). While interest in CBE may be growing, most institutions remain in the early planning stages.
Creating Learning Objectives
Learning objectives help inform students about what they will learn and how they will be assessed. Objectives are meant to align with course expectations. Therefore, any assigned exercises should be guided by the course’s specific learning objectives. Everything in the course should work together to ensure students achieve the course objectives.
Audio-Only Content to Support Learning
In comparison to instructional videos, the role of audio-only instructional content in online learning has received scant attention. When audio-only content is discussed, the research often centers on the use of audio feedback or student-created podcasts, rather than instructor-created instructional audio. Additionally, few studies have compared learning outcomes from recorded video lectures versus from audio alone, except within the context of specific disciplines, such as second language acquisition (Berner & Adams, 2004).
Types of Retrieval Practice Activities
By incorporating regular retrieval practice into your online course, you can ensure that key takeaways are actually being taken away by students to use in the future rather than being left behind due to lack of use. The following are some specific activities that can help move learners from a hazy recollection of something toward more clarity and permanence.
Developing Instructional Materials
Once you have defined the learning objectives for your course, you can begin to develop assessments to ensure students achieve those objectives. Once you have created assessments, you can begin to develop materials to ensure students succeed on those assessments. This backward design process—which moves from objectives to assessments and finally to materials—is known as learning-centered instruction, and it directs every course task toward the development of certain skills and competencies. This piece focuses on the third stage of this process, the development of high-quality instructional materials, beginning with the idea that robust and engaging online courses contain a mix of created and curated content. Below, you will find guidelines for creating and curating instructional materials to help you achieve the optimal balance for your course.
Universal Design for Learning
Universal Design for Learning (UDL), which has roots in Ronald Mace’s concept of Universal Design, is a pedagogical framework that supports diverse learning needs. According to CAST, the creator of the framework, UDL seeks “to improve and optimize teaching and learning for all people based on scientific insights into how humans learn” (2018). UDL is not a step-by-step curriculum plan, but rather an approach to pedagogy and curriculum development that aims to make the learning environment as accessible as possible for as many learners as possible (Derer, 2021; CAST, 2018).
Backward Design
Backward design is, as the name suggests, a process for designing curricula, courses, and lectures by working backward from big-picture learning goals. The concept, introduced by Grant Wiggins and Jay McTighe (2005), suggests that instructors create assessments, activities, and course content that are explicitly aligned with the broader learning goals of the unit. This is different from the traditional content-driven approach to learning design, which focuses on course content first and only secondarily tries to align that content with learning goals.